| Non-Rationalised Geography NCERT Notes, Solutions and Extra Q & A (Class 6th to 12th) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Class 7th Geography NCERT Notes, NCERT Question Solutions and Extra Q & A (Non-Rationalised)
1. Environment
This chapter introduces the concept of **Environment**, which is everything that surrounds a living organism. It discusses the components of the environment: **natural environment** (land, water, air, plants, animals) and **human environment** (created by humans, like buildings, roads, industries). The chapter highlights the interaction between human beings and the natural environment and how humans modify the environment to suit their needs. Understanding our environment and the need to protect it is crucial for sustainable living, emphasizing our responsibility towards nature.
2. Inside Our Earth
This chapter explores the structure and composition of the **interior of the Earth**. It discusses the different layers of the Earth: the **crust** (the thin outermost layer), the **mantle** (the layer beneath the crust), and the **core** (the innermost layer). The chapter explains that the crust is made up of different types of rocks and minerals. Understanding the Earth's interior helps in comprehending phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountains and landforms, revealing the dynamic nature of our planet from within.
3. Our Changing Earth
This chapter focuses on the dynamic processes that constantly change the Earth's surface. It discusses two types of forces: **internal forces** (like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, causing rapid changes) and **external forces** (like weathering and erosion, causing gradual changes). The chapter explains how external forces, acting through agents like rivers, wind, sea waves, and glaciers, create different landforms like valleys, deltas, sand dunes, and sea cliffs. Understanding these forces reveals that the Earth's landscape is not static but is continuously being shaped and reshaped over time.
4. Air
This chapter focuses on the **atmosphere**, the layer of air surrounding the Earth, which is essential for life. It discusses the **composition of air**, primarily nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with small amounts of other gases. The chapter explains the structure of the atmosphere into different layers (troposphere, stratosphere, etc.). It also discusses concepts like **weather** (day-to-day atmospheric conditions) and **climate** (average weather over time), temperature, air pressure, winds (movement of air), and moisture in the air, highlighting the vital role of the atmosphere in regulating Earth's climate and supporting living organisms.
5. Water
This chapter explores **water**, a vital resource covering a large part of the Earth's surface. It discusses the different forms of water (solid, liquid, gas) and its distribution (oceans, freshwater sources). The continuous movement of water through the environment, known as the **water cycle** (evaporation, condensation, precipitation), is explained. The chapter also discusses the importance of water bodies like oceans (ocean circulation - waves, tides, currents) and lakes, and the issues related to water availability and conservation, emphasizing the crucial role of water in supporting life and shaping the Earth's surface.
6. Natural Vegetation And Wildlife
This chapter discusses **natural vegetation** (plants growing naturally) and **wildlife** (animals and birds living in their natural habitats) found across the world. It explains how vegetation types vary depending on climate, rainfall, and soil conditions (e.g., forests, grasslands, deserts). The chapter highlights the importance of forests as valuable resources and habitats for wildlife. It discusses the threats faced by natural vegetation and wildlife due to human activities and emphasizes the need for **conservation** efforts, such as establishing national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, to protect Earth's biodiversity and maintain ecological balance.
7. Human Environment–Settlement, Transport And Communication
This chapter focuses on the **human environment** – the aspects of the environment created by humans and their interactions with the natural environment. It discusses **human settlements** (places where people live, ranging from villages to cities), explaining how settlements evolve based on physical environment and human needs. **Transport** (movement of people and goods - roads, railways, waterways, airways) and **communication** (exchange of information - postal service, telecommunication, internet) are explored as systems developed by humans to interact and connect, highlighting how these networks shape human life and overcome geographical barriers.
8. Human Environment Interactions The Tropical And The Subtropical Region
This chapter explores the relationship between humans and their environment by focusing on specific regions: the **tropical** and **subtropical** regions. It examines how people live and interact with the natural environment in areas like the Amazon Basin (tropical rainforests) and the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin (subtropical region in India). The chapter discusses the varied lifestyles, economic activities (agriculture, forestry, fishing), and challenges faced by communities in these regions due to climate, vegetation, and resource availability. It highlights how humans adapt to and modify their environment for survival and livelihood.
9. Life In The Deserts
This chapter explores the challenging environment of **deserts** and how life adapts to these harsh conditions. It discusses characteristics of deserts, such as extremely high or low temperatures, very low rainfall, and scarce vegetation. The chapter describes the **lives of people** and the **wildlife** found in both hot deserts (e.g., Sahara, Kalahari, Thar in India) and cold deserts (e.g., Ladakh in India). It highlights the adaptations of plants, animals, and humans to survive in such extreme climates, focusing on their unique lifestyles, economic activities, and resource management strategies.